Highlights of Late 19th Century Womens Labor Organizing

Some highlights of American womens labor organizing in the late 19th century: †¢ In 1863, a committee in New York City, organized by the editor of the New York Sun, began to help women collect wages due them that had not been paid. This organization continued for fifty years. †¢ Also in 1863, women in Troy, New York, organized the Collar Laundry Union. These women worked in laundries making and laundering the detachable collars stylish on mens shirts. They went on strike, and as a result won an increase in wages. In 1866, their strike fund was used to aid the Iron Molders Union, building a lasting relationship with that mens union. The leader of the laundryworkers union, Kate Mullaney, went on to become assistant secretary of the National Labor Union. The Collar Laundry Union dissolved July 31, 1869, in the the middle of another strike, faced with the threat of paper collars and the likely loss of their jobs. †¢ The National Labor Union was organized in 1866; while not exclusively focusing on womens issues, it did take a stand for the rights of working women. †¢ The first two national unions to admit women were the Cigarmakers (1867) and the Printers (1869). †¢ Susan B. Anthony used her paper, The Revolution, to help working women organize in their own interests. One such organization formed in 1868, and became known as the Working Womens Association. Active in this organization was Augusta Lewis, a typographer who kept the organization focused on representing the women on pay and working conditions, and kept the organization out of political issues such as woman suffrage. †¢ Miss Lewis became the president of the Womens Typographical Union No. 1 which grew out of the Working Womens Association. In 1869, this local union applied for membership in the national Typographers Union, and Miss Lewis was made corresponding secretary of the union. She married Alexander Troup, the unions secretary-treasurer, in 1874, and retired from the union, though not from other reform work. Womens Local 1 did not long survive the loss of its organizing leader, and dissolved in 1878. After that time, the Typographers admitted women on an equal basis to men, instead of organizing separate womens locals. †¢ In 1869, a group of women shoestitchers in Lynn, Massachusetts, organized the Daughters of St. Crispin, a national womens labor organization modeled on and supported by the Knights of St. Crispin, the national shoe workers union, which also went on record supporting equal pay for equal work. The Daughters of St. Crispin is recognized as the first national union of women. The first president of the Daughters of St. Crispin was Carrie Wilson. When the Daughters of St. Crispin went on strike in Baltimore in 1871, the Knights of St. Crispin successfully demanded that the women strikers be rehired. The depression in the 1870s led to the demise of the Daughters of St. Crispin in 1876. †¢ The Knights of Labor, organized in 1869, began admitting women in 1881. In 1885, the Knights of Labor established the Womens Work Department. Leonora Barry was hired as a full time organizer and investigator. The Womens Work Department was dissolved in 1890. †¢ Alzina Parsons Stevens, a typographer and, at one time, Hull House resident, organized the Working Womans Union No. 1 in 1877. In 1890, she was elected district master workman, District Assembly 72, Knights of Labor, in Toledo, Ohio. †¢ Mary Kimball Kehew joined the Womens Educational and Industrial Union in 1886, becoming a director in 1890 and president in 1892. With Mary Kenney OSullivan, she organized the Union for Industrial Progress, whose purpose was to help women organize craft unions. This was a forerunner of the Womens Trade Union League, founded in the early 20th century. Mary Kenney OSullivan was the first woman hired by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) as an organizer. She had earlier organized women bookbinders in Chicago into the AFL and had been elected a delegate to the Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly. †¢ In 1890, Josephine Shaw Lowell organized the Consumers League of New York. In 1899, the New York organization helped found the National Consumers League to protect both workers and consumers. Florence Kelley led this organization, which worked mainly through educational effort. Text copyright  © Jone Johnson Lewis . Image:  left to right, (front row): Miss Felice Louria, executive secretary of the New York City Consumers League; and Miss Helen Hall, director of the Henry Street Settlement in New York and chairman of the Consumers National Federation. (Back row) Robert S. Lynd, head of Department of Sociology, Columbia University; F.B. McLaurin, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Michael Quill, N.Y. City Councilman and president of Transportation Workers Union.

Social Networking Is It Really What We Need - 757 Words

Social Networking has become a daily part of the lives of teens and adults everywhere. Now, it seems there is no one who cannot be found on Facebook, or followed on Twitter. Social Networking does contain positive aspects, such as being a way to connect with far away friends and family, as well as well as negative, like cyberbullying. However overall, Social Networking has become a dangerous, manipulative, negative influence in the lives of the people today. There is no such thing as privacy in Social Networking. When one uses the site Facebook, one may believe that all information placed in a profile is private. However, Information is leaked constantly on the web. If a friend likes a status or comments, their friends will see it as†¦show more content†¦Twitter users may have noticed many businesses offering special deals and promoting through the uses of Twitter. Twitter also was shown to have negative effects on education. According to Michael C. Burton, an author and com munications consultant, he writes an article for Ragan.com stating that, â€Å"there are growing signs that excessive use of direct messaging, especially Twitter, leads to an erosion of the English language†¦teachers are noticing more punctuation errors, spelling mistakes, and inconsistent capitalization usually found only in text messages and Twitter posts. More students are failing English exams due to a lack of basic grammar skills.† Many teenagers, because of the 140 character block, are forced to have unintelligent conversations with bad grammar and spelling. After long turn use of having these types of conversations on twitter, it has affected the overall work of the students. Twitter does have its positive aspects as well. Twitter is free, and simple to use. Twitter also gives everyone the chance to be heard and is easy to access. One can also follow the profiles and updates of people one may want to hear from. 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Corporate Governance Informativeness of Disclosures

Question: Describe about the Corporate Governance for Informativeness of Disclosures. Answer: Introduction: In 1918, Walter Ingham of Liverpool, New South Wales, founded Ingham and incorporated it as a family business. After Walter died in 1953, his sons, Jack and Bob Ingham continued with the family business and stretched it through an amalgamation of acquisitions and organic growth. It has transformed itself from being a family business to become the largest integrated producer of poultry across Australia and New Zealand. Inghams entry into production was with stock feed and turkey and improved the processing capabilities of its according to the changing preferences of consumer en route for value-enhanced products of poultry. In the present scenario, Ingham has over 8200 employees who continue to put up with the companys rich history of quality and customer service and supplying to the major retailers. In the Australian turkey segment and stock feed too Ingham holds a sturdy market position. Ingham has been able to establish itself as a trusted brand across the Tasman, dedicated towards offering the best possible poultry quality to people of Australia and New Zealand. It values highly of the consumer satisfaction along with the leading market position that it has achieved. Almost a century into their business, Ingham enterprises were recently sold to a global private investment firm for $900 million. The reason being put forwarded by Bob Ingham behind his decision to hand over Ingham to TPG is that he believes TPG management will take care of Inghams employees and customers in the same way they have being doing for the past 100 years. John Hexton, Inghams Director of group services has stated that this will not witness any loss of jobs for employees or any change in the companys operations. Corporate Governance: According to Tricker (2015), the term corporate governance can be defined as the system through which organizations are engaged and inhibited. It is more of a set of relationship among the management of the company, its shareholders, board members and other stakeholders. Through corporate governance, companies do set their objectives and monitor their performances and whether they are on track in attaining their objectives (Denis 2016). Board Charter: Adopted on 10 October 2016 by the Board Ingham Management Board has agreed to this Board Charter in outlining the way through which the responsibilities and constitutional powers will be absolved in accordance to the laws applicable and good corporate governance (Larcker and Tayan 2015). This charter takes into account the composition and process of the company Board along with the affiliation and dealings between the Board, its management and the Board committee. The Board Charter has been prepared by the company on the basis that good corporate governance generally adds to the performance of the company along with creating values for shareholder, engendering the investment market confidence (Van den Berghe 2012). Role of Board: The Boards role is to: -ensuring that the shareholders are being informed on a regular basis about the values of the company and the important developments upsetting companys state of affairs. -setting, reviewing and monitoring of the values of the company and the governance structure (including the establishment of ethical standards) -shareholders interests are served and represented by focusing on the strategies of the company, policies and the performance. Boards responsibilities: -corporate performance is monitored along with implementation of policy and strategy -Company values and policies of corporate governance is developed and reviewed along with monitoring the corporate culture -Diversification with respect to companys policies is been developed and re-evaluated taking in the issue if there is any concerning any gender pay gap -All the reports regarding financial and profit forecasts are to be in accordance to the ASX Listing Rules adopted by the Board -capital expenditures, divestitures and capital management are to be approved including payments regarding dividends. Corporate governance has always been at the core of Inghams and the Management Boards advancement to the in value of the shareholder augmentation and the safeguard of shareholders funds (Beekes, Brown and Zhang 2015). The most integral part of shareholder value is protection and enhancement of the companys reputation as overseen by the Board as its preferred measure for sustainability and responsibility (Lozano, Martnez and Pindado 2016). The Ingham Management Board meets thrice a year for reviewing the performance regarding Health and Safety issues, Sustainability and Investment regarding community. Senior Management: The Chief Executive Officer of Ingham spaces a Safety and Health Executive Committee which is concentrated by the Business Heads and supervises the effectiveness of the Safety and Health measures by implementing them in accordance to the goals, policies, principals, assurance and vision (investors.inghams.com.au 2016). Each division of Ingham has a Safety and Healthy committee that meets on a regular basis to reconsider the safety and health issues. Risk Committee Charter: Adopted on 10th October 2016 by the Board The risk committee comprises of the non-executive directors only along with a minimum of 3 members from the Board and a majority of Directors who are of independent nature. Key responsibilities of the Committee are: -Overseeing the grounding of financial reports and statements -Managing the identification process and the risk management -Designing and implementation of proper policies for identification of risks -Remedial actions are to be taken in proper way for areas that are prone to weakness. -Playing the role of advisory on the suitability of the procedures and policies in accordance to the processes regarding financial matters and reconsidering the Companys internal structure. -Reassessing and making recommendations to the board in relation to disclosures of risk in the Annual report of the companys operating and financial matters. Inghams journey has been quite impressive and its continued expansion is the result of the ability of the management to comprehend and act in response to the challenges of the world that has very much become uncertain. This uncertain world produces a lot of threat of having the potential to be both a threat and an opportunity. Ingham risk committee has been doing a fine job in considering and managing the companys risk factor and offering greater assurance and certainty to the stakeholders (Terjesen, Aguilera and Lorenz, 2015). The risk management policy is in accordance to the governance framework policy of the company. Code of Conduct: Adopted by the Company on 10th October 2016 Purpose of Code: The Management Board is dedicated towards a high integrity level and ethical standards in the practice of the business. Employees must be able to accomplish themselves in a way which is consistent with the present community and standards of the group (Seamer 2014). The Code of Conduct takes into consideration on the ways the Group expects its representatives to behave and do business conducts in their workplace regarding various issues (Bain and Band 2016). Objectives of Code of Conduct: -A professional behaviour benchmark is being offered to the group -Making the Directors and employees conscious of the consequences if the policy is being breached by them -Supporting the business reputation of the group and the corporate image within the community The company is in the habit of continuously monitoring and testing these policies under the Code of Conduct, ensuring commitments are appropriate and reliable with the expectations of the stakeholders (investors.inghams.com.au 2016). What, If the Code is breached: -Reporting channels: An employee of Ingham is always encouraged to report to their respected managers if they find any behaviour or situation which breaches the Code of Conduct and the law that are applicable. If the respected Manager is not available, the employees can complain about the matter to the HR Manager. Managers need to discuss about these issues with the Human Resource Manager who will assess the situation and take up the action as required in response to the report. -Investigations: Initial level of investigation is being carried out on the reported breaches by the Human Resource Management. All the employees of Ingham need to co-operate their Managers and the Management with the directions from the Group General Counsel. Consequences of Breach of Conduct: The Group General Counsel identifies that the breach of Conduct may take place in a company from time to time. Disciplinary actions are generally taken by the Management Board along with penalties imposed on the guilty party for breaching the Code of Conduct (Chan, Watson and Woodliff 2014). In situations that are extreme in nature, termination and discharge of contract takes place. The Group has the right to notify the respected authorities about the activities that are considered criminal offences or any evident breach of the law. Reports suggest that all the employees of Ingham Enterprises is committed to their Code of Conduct in maintaining the highest possible moral, legal and ethical standards in their transactions with the consumers, workers, local communities and suppliers (Miglani, Ahmed and Henry 2015). Employees are well aware of the code outlined on how the employees can meet their standards in their daily endeavour. Any forms of bribery and facilitating payments are strictly forbidden whether they are being taken in a direct manner or in an indirect way from other parties (Christensen et al, 2015). The Ingham Management states that they are devoted to continuous development, accountability and transparency. The company has a policy of not tolerating any kind of misconducts which may happen at situation under any circumstances and needing their trade partners to work with them at every instance. The company has got a very clear standing on its accepted procedures for their trade partners, and in case of any issues they can report the same. However, the company management believes that there is enough opportunity to strengthen the systems of the company. The company has got a Speak Up service of their own, made exclusively for their trade partners to have a crack at it when the escalation methods are not appropriate or according to the situation. Certain reports do suugest that on interviewing the employees have stated that Inghams does offer them a positivie working environment. This has been very effective since its implementation by the company. Continuous Disclosure Policy: Ingham Enterprises has considerable responsibility under the Corporations Act 2001 and the ASX Limited Listing Rules to inform the market with proper material that effect on the price of the Securities of the company. ASX Listing Rule 3.1: ASX has stated in the Listing rule 3.1 known as the continuous disclosure as it is one of the important Listing Rule. It requires the Company to be immediately notifying the ASX of any kind of information which the Company becomes aware of relating to itself that a practical person would anticipate to have a substantial effect on the price and value of the securities of the company (Idowu, Capaldi and Zu 2013.). The fundamental principle which that underlines the regular disclosure framework is that timely revelation of: -Information that may affect the value of the security or have any kind of influence in the decisions regarding investment. -Information regarding security holders and ASX having a legitimate interest. Materiality: As per Tao and Hutchinson (2013), the assessment of materiality must be done with regards to the significant background information which includes any sort of past announcements having made by the company along with other general available information. Strategic matters are of utmost importance to the Company and sometimes stated to be at par with even the financial matters (Kumar and Zattoni 2013). The original Sustainability Strategy has drawn to a close and at Ingham work has commenced on organizing a wider Corporate Responsibility Strategy through to 2020. In preparation of this, the company went for an independent assessment which has been conducted to review the important issues regarding the issues of material sustainability (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). This assessment was generally based on Accountability AA1000 Assurance Standard (2008) principle of materiality based on Five Part materiality Test, identifying and prioritising relevant issues regarding to policy related performance, financial impacts, behaviour and concerns of stakeholders, societal and business peer-based norms (Chapple, Clout and Tan 2014) As per Rao and Tilt (2015), at the time of assessment, the Ingham Management has considered all the divisions of their business along with the broader scale of external stakeholders inclusive of customers, investors, suppliers, governments and peers. Important issues are attained through sources which takes into consideration the surveys of employees, customer insights, and strategically prioritizing with reviews regarding social and traditional media. Ingham Enterprises Material Issues in 2015: -Relationship, communication and collaboration problem with suppliers -Conditions and well being of employees -Labour rights in accordance to supply chain -Product safety and availability and range -Knowing the needs of the customers and responding to it -Community partners All these issues were either classified as material, of High Ingham Interest or none of these. Certain divisional related issues were also identified and assessed which the management have addressed in their reports like local sourcing for supermarkets in an effective way. People and Remuneration Committee Charter: Adopted on 10th October, 2016 by Company The committee charter consists of the non-executive directors and a minimum of 3 members along with a independent director as chair. Roles Responsibilities (People): -Developing and reviewing the Groups people and their cultural policies, including factors like employee engagement and handling of complaints. -Developing and reviewing the company policy in accordance to diversity and strategies in addressing any gender pay gap. Role Responsibilities (Remuneration): -Approving the major changes, if any in the policies regarding remuneration -Recommendation to the Board about the major changes regarding the companys incentive plans of employee equity -Reviewing and recommending to the Board targets related to short term incentive performance and bonus payments for the direct reports of CEO. Remuneration policy: The Committee is responsible for: -Delivering average pay on equal basis for both men and women having each job grade -Attracting and retaining the skilled executives -Ensuring termination benefits are justifiable and appropriate Certain journals have comments been made about the remuneration policy and work environment in the Inghams Enterprise. Every worker has stated that Inghams has been a great place to work at having great pay rates, especially when employees are into afternoon or night shifts. The Managers have been real good and the working environment generates a positive vibe for everyone to perform better. The greatest advantage that Inghams provided was offering its employees a break after every 2 hours of work. The salary structure at Inghams is one of the best in the industry and employees are motivated in true sense to work and perform for better results. It can be seen that all the above factors of corporate governance have been adopted very recently by the company which needs a bit of time to settle down. The company is doing a fantastic job and the results are showing that everything till date is being going along well. The company has been quite successful in some of the charters with some others needing time before being judged whether anything needs to be changed regarding pay structures or policies regarding stakeholders engagement (Frias?Aceituno, Rodriguez?Ariza and Garcia?Sanchez 2013). The company has recently being sold off and the new management will need a bit more time to understand certain things and get along with it in a manner that produces quick and profitable results. Conclusion: This report has taken into account the corporate governance factors of Inghams Enterprises and how effective they have been with certain factors. It is still in its early days and with the reputation the firm has across the Tasman, things can only be positive from here onwards. The management being new, needs sometime to settle with the work process but as there will be no change in employees. However, it can be said that Inghams is certainly on the right track with its corporate governance policies and is certain to achieve bigger goals and at a certain point there will come an opportunity for it to be the market leader in this segment. Reference: Bain, N. and Band, D., 2016.Winning ways through corporate governance. Springer. Beekes, W., Brown, P. and Zhang, Q., 2015. Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a re?examination.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.931-963. Chan, M.C., Watson, J. and Woodliff, D., 2014. Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), pp.59-73. Chapple, L., Clout, V.J. and Tan, D., 2014. Corporate governance and securities class actions.Australian Journal of Management,39(4), pp.525-547. Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J. and Stewart, J., 2015. Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?.Accounting Finance,55(1), pp.133-164. Denis, D., 2016. Corporate Governance and the Goal of the Firm: In Defense of Shareholder Wealth Maximization.Financial Review,51(4), pp.467-480. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodriguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Sanchez, I.M., 2013. The role of the board in the dissemination of integrated corporate social reporting.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(4), pp.219-233. Idowu, S.O., Capaldi, N. and Zu, L., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Investors.inghams.com.au. (2016).Inghams | Investor Centre. [online] Available at: https://investors.inghams.com.au/Investor-Centre/?page=corporate-governance [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Kumar, P. and Zattoni, A., 2013. Corporate governance, board of directors, and firm performance.Corporate Governance: An International Review,21(4), pp.311-313. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Lozano, M.B., Martnez, B. and Pindado, J., 2016. Corporate governance, ownership and firm value: Drivers of ownership as a good corporate governance mechanism.International Business Review. Miglani, S., Ahmed, K. and Henry, D., 2015. Voluntary corporate governance structure and financial distress: Evidence from Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), pp.18-30. Rao, K. and Tilt, C., 2015. Board composition and corporate social responsibility: The role of diversity, gender, strategy and decision making.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-21. Seamer, M., 2014. Does Effective Corporate Governance Facilitate Continuous Market Disclosure?.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), pp.111-126. Tao, N.B. and Hutchinson, M., 2013. Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management and compensation committees.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,9(1), pp.83-99. Terjesen, S., Aguilera, R.V. and Lorenz, R., 2015. Legislating a womans seat on the board: Institutional factors driving gender quotas for boards of directors.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), pp.233-251. Tricker, B.,2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Van den Berghe, L., 2012.International standardisation of good corporate governance: best practices for the board of directors. Springer Science Business Media.

Legalization of Marijuana and Public Health Policy and Management

Question: Write an essay on Legalization of Marijuana drug and Public Health Policy and Management? Answer: Introduction: Marijuana is a popular drug, which is used by the people from many years ago. Some county use it in case of worship of their Gods. But it has a medico legal aspect. Medical science and law both the subject are connected with the use of this drug. If we consider the case of USA the federal law abolishes any kind of use of this drug. But some states under their own authority legalize the use of marijuana is certain aspects. Law basically wants to prohibit the use because it create lots of criminal activities like drug trafficking or breaking rule of committing crimes after the consumption. But in some medical case this drug is used as medicine so some state give their positive attitude towards the legalization. Considering the medical aspects of marijuana, it can be given a thought of legalizing the drug for its immense productive effects on diseases as HIV for pain reduction, cancer for anorexia reduction and its spasticity with multiple sclerosis. However, there are large numbers of adverse effects that the legalization of marijuana has on the overall societal health (Theforum.sph.harvard.edu, 2015). This study thus intends to reflect the relevant facts and details about the drug relating to its effect on the public health. It also presents the unforeseen issues associated with marijuana. It presents sound knowledge of medical aspects of marijuana in relation to the public health and the legalization. Implications of legalization of Marijuana: Marijuana is drug which is very common for almost all the states of the world. Marijuana consumption is very common practice in youths as well as in other people. In most of the countries marijuana is a drug which can be access easily. Marijuana is legalized in different states for the process of medical treatment. In some states they argue that marijuana will increase the revenue. But the main fact is that it will actually harm the health of the people. In Different research in America shows that the legalization of this drug for medical uses actually has the negative effect on the health. Government legalize it so know it is easily available everywhere. No authority can restrict its use fully. The state wants to implement the law in such a manner that will actually helps the citizen but this kind of steps actually have no good implications on the health of the citizen. By the legalization of the drug use criminal networks somehow get the benefits of it. They incurred money from the selling of the illegal drugs but if it became laegalise they will get it in more quantities and gained much more profit. Actually along with the health issues the legalization also includes the criminal aspects. So it can be state that the impacts are many like social impacts, health impacts or the criminal aspects etc. Effects on public health: In current times, there is a rising support of legalizing marijuana in UK. The support refers to US where marijuana is held legal in some states for medicinal and recreational purposes. Hickenlooper (2014) pointed out the view of a portion of UK population stating that tax on marijuana is beneficial to the countrys economy. Institute for Social and Economic Research supports it through the report depicting an expected generation of 900 million for exchequer of Cannabis licensing and tax revenue (Morgan, 2015). However, there are protesters who seem to reveal a view considering the marijuana legalization as immoral and fatous. They highlight the association of marijuana use with severe mental and physical health problems. Recently the European Drug Agency presented their annual report stating the declining number of youths using Cannabis, but the legalization of marijuana will reverse the phenomenon adversely (Morgan, 2015). As per the report of WHO, teen age Cannabis users are seen to perform poor in exams. Sudden increase in availability of marijuana will lead to increased use among the youths thus detrimentally affecting their future prospects as well. According to Caulkins, Lee Kasunic (2012), increase in marijuana consumption due to its legalization will decrease the alcohol consumption affecting the public health immensely. Since the incidence of death due to alcohol consumption is high, its replacement with marijuana can prove beneficial to public health. In long-term, the alcohol causes violence and injuries, increased risk of cancer and cirrhosis. Marijuana legalization decreasing the alcohol consumption among public thereby reducing the detrimental effects of alcohol on health can negate the adverse effects of marijuana consumption increase. The fewer number of acute deaths occurring due to overdose of marijuana makes it much less detrimental than alcohol. Laws on Marijuana use currently: Controlled Substance Act, 1970 is the law of the state which helps to reduce, control the distribution and utilization of the drugs. If we consider the present trends in law of USA we can classify 3 major categories regarding the steps taken for the marijuana matters. First one is decriminalization, 2nd one is medical use of this specific drug (Porche, 2013) and the last one is legalization of the use in certain permitted quantities for entertainment purpose. Of the implementation of law it is essential to understand that decriminalization does not include the terms legalization. This step refers that the offender is now exempt from the criminal liability but civil liability remain the same. This provision restricts only to the small amount consumption or use of the drug. But some time the amount of penalty may conflict with the CSAct, 1970. In between USA, California became the first country which allows the medical use of this mentioned drug. Different other state also allows this kind o provisions. The mother Act that is CSAct, 1970 does not create any difference between the use of drug for medical purpose or for entertainment purpose. Prior to 2012 the use of drug for entertainment purpose is not at all allowed in the law of USA. But after that different states to some extent allow the use of drug to recreational purpose. But it restricts the amount to a prescribed limit (Deranek, 2014). But if any person exceeds the permitted limit ten they are liable for punishment or can be held legally accountable for the act. These measures are actually implemented for the better society. If the persons allowed for consuming this kind of drug basically it destroys the peace in the society. Variation of the laws state wise: Any kind of dealings with the marijuana like taking it into possession or sale it or cultivate it or transport the drug is and offence under the federal law USA (Finklea Sacco, 2014). But the government gives the relaxation to the states to enact or amend their own drug laws if they want. But subject the condition is that they have to maintain a standard regulation for the use of drugs like marijuana (Finklea Sacco, 2014). This mentioned drug is schedules as 1 under the federal legislation. According to this law there is no classification for medical use of marijuana because it is the highest related drug according to the federal laws. But in USA generally every state has their own laws and they implement and amend their laws according to their wish and needs. State level operation regarding the marijuana effect claims mixed success rate (Monte, Zane Heard, 2015). Some sates like Colorado, Oregon, Alaska and Washington completely legalize the use of marijuana for the medical purpo se (Monte, Zane Heard, 2015). Some states like Portland legalize it for medical purpose as well as for the entertainment or recreational uses (Porche, 2013). The state of Colombia also recognizes the uses for both the purpose but commercial dealing are not allowed. Some states only recognize its medical use only. Stats of Virgin Island recognized only the decriminalization process of the use of this mentioned drug. But some state in USA is remaining in favor of not legalizing the use of scheduled drug (Hickenlooper, 2014). They maintain the federal of mother drug rule in this context. But no state allows any kind of drug transportation of trafficking. Its an illegal act for more or less all the states. In the case of Gonzales v. Raich(Gonzales v. Raich, 2005)it was decided by the Supreme court of US the congress has no authority under commerce phrase of the federal law that is CSAct,1970. The federal law prevents the state law. In another land mark case Assenberg v. Anacortes Housing Authority (Assenberg v. Anacortes Housing Authority, 2015) Washington State Court of Appeals, 1st Div., 2007)) the court dismiss the eviction action by the landlord to his tenant for the use of marijuana. Effects of secondhand smoke: Second hand smoke is an issue that seems to spread throughout the multi unit dwellings. It is same for marijuana and tobacco smoke too. Sarna Bialous (2013) identifies the comprehensive smoke-free policies that are efficient in eliminating the problem. However, in executing the exception for the medical use of marijuana will lead to the recurrence of the problem of second hand smoke. Studies reveal the same level of danger to public health from secondhand smoke of marijuana as that from tobacco. The risks include heart and blood vessel damage, increased risk of heart attack due to hardening of arteries. Marijuana smoking also exposes the individual to atherosclerosis (Magill, 2011). In several studies, even the concerns as developing cancer and other illness due to the secondhand smoke of marijuana are evident. A contact high is the most common experience of a second hand marijuana smoker. It is highlighted in many cases recently that marijuana smoke has same potentiality to produce cancer in the secondhand smoker as the cigarette smoke can (Mail Online, 2014). It is thus clear that the secondhand smoke of marijuana, cigarette and incense all are potential in causing throat and lung cancer. Reasonable accommodations for medical Marijuana patients: Verdict from a federal district court depicts a negation of considering medical marijuana as a reasonable accommodation for patients with disability. Under the Fair Housing Act an individual is not entitled to a reasonable accommodation for medical marijuana since the drug is still a controlled substance under the federal law (Gold, 2012). It refers to the guidance from US department of Housing and Urban Development, 2011 considering individuals using medical marijuana and other illegal drugs as disqualified from relief pursuant to the FHA, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973 and the Disabilities Act as well. However, the law of Compassionate Care Act in July 2014 paves the way to use of medical marijuana by employees at workplace legally. It led to the rising concerns among employers regarding maintenance of a drug-free environment at workplace that clash with the employee right as per this law (Smith Harris, 2012). Medical conditions to prescribe Marijuana: As per the studies by Backus (2011), Marijuana or cannabis is found to be highly effective in benefiting the patients suffering from cancer, depression, AIDS, nausea and multiple sclerosis. It is particularly used in chemotherapy and other neurological disease interventions. It is assured by the Scottish long-term safety study. Sativex is the currently most known and applicable [reparation of cannabis for medical use. Its license from GW pharma is guaranteed by the MHRA (Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency) (Knott, 2015). It is prescribed to the adult patients of multiple sclerosis to provide them relief from moderate to severe spasticity. Its prescription is executed when other anti-spasticity medications fails. It is prescribed to those patients demonstrating marked improvement to a trial therapy with Sativex. The medicinal use of marijuana as Sativex is also evident in treating cancer pain, non-PS neuropathic pain and MS bladder dysfunction (Knott, 2015). The developmental areas for medicinal use of marijuana involve peripheral neuropathy, spinal cord injury and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the patients below the age of 18 years are not prescribed marijuana. Its prescription strictly directs the initiation of use with 1 spray every 4 hours with a maximum of four sprays each day along with self-titrating as per response. Marijuana definition: As stated by Berlatsky (2012), the dried flowers, seeds, stems and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa are referred to as the marijuana. The chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the marihuana extract. It bears the property of mind altering. In US 2014, marijuana emerges as the most frequently used illegal drug. Use of marijuana extracts is evident in a variety of ways. These include smoking in hand rolled cigarettes, in water pipes, in emptied cigars, and taking the vapors only by using vaporizers. Newton (2013) highlights the marijuana consumption by mixing them in foods as candy, brownies or cookies and brewing it as tea. Nevertheless, the most recent method is consuming it in forms of THC-rich resins. This practice is widely known as dabbing. Marijuana is a plant drug that is capable of affecting the brain in both long-term and short-term effects. The THC of the marijuana extract is able to pass through the lung to the bloodstream of an individual on smoking marijuana. Through blood, it moves to the brain and other organs of the body. Tashkin (2013) asserted that the effects are delayed if marijuana is consumed in foods or drinks due to slower absorption by the body. THC finally affects specific brain cell receptors playing a significant role in the brain development and function. Some of the major and most frequently observed effects of marijuana smoking include mood changes, impaired memory, altered senses, and difficulty in problem-solving, thinking, and altered sense of time. The long-term effects include detrimental effect on brain development. Especially in teenagers consuming marijuana effects such as impaired thinking, learning and memory functions are evident. Magill (2011) identified the physical effects of marijuana smoking as breathing problems, increase in heart rate, and issues in pregnancy and child development. Along with the physical effects, marijuana also affects people mentally. Mental illnesses as schizophrenia, temporary hallucinations and temporary paranoia are evident in some users. Others include anxiety, depression and suicidal thoughts in the teenagers (Newton, 2013). Role of public health in Marijuana control: In UK, the use or possession of cannabis under MDA seems to result in fine, caution or warning for repeat offenders. The sensible, efficient and effective governmental laws, constitutional principles of equality and human rights and rational evidence-based policies and laws reflecting public opinion for respect and credibility is seen to effectively control the use of marijuana. As per the view put forward by Magill (2011), in the current situation leadership rather than new knowledge is essential in controlling marijuana use. The widespread acceptance of marijuana for medicinal and recreationary purposes, especially by the youths and patients is a major constraint in controlling the uses of marijuana in respect to the public health. However as opined by Knott (2015), the identification of the serious adverse effects of uncontrolled use of marijuana on health of the individuals drives the public towards implementing the strict cautionary rules for consuming marijuana. The public health therefore is an eminent factor playing a major role in controlling the use of marijuana effectively. Present policies for Marijuana control: The state and central both took different initiatives and policies for the control of drug use. The ministry of justice announces different programs relating to the identification of the major drug trafficking areas because this kind of offence relates to larger criminal activities in the state. The federal government with collaboration with the other states tries to eradicate the trafficking of the drugs (Morgan, 2015). The criminal associations of the state generally undertake these activities. For this, different steps are taken. Identifying the highly probable drugs, trafficking area is one of the major programs. This program helps the law implementing agencies to enforce law in the vulnerable areas of the state. They help three level of government such as federal, state and local authorities. The main work of this policy is to promote the collaboration and gather information about the areas, create collaborates between all levels of government, give dependable solution to the la w enforcing authorities. Along with that they also promote different strategies regarding the resources which aided he illegal trafficking of drugs. Another important step is Organized Crime Drug Enforce Task Force Progra (Finklea Sacco, 2014). This policy helps to eradicate the drug trafficking and black money transactions regarding the drug related issues. Domestic marijuana control program is also a great policy for the eradication of this scheduled drug. Future implications: Marijuana is illegal in different countries of the world. Some though legalize it for certain medical purpose. This drug has a greatest impact in human health. It affects the human in their future also. Different studies and enquiry proved that it affects the human brain also. It creates risk to the mental health to the children as well as to the adults (Joffe Yancy, 2004). Short term memory loss, partial memory loss can be the side effects of this. If a person consumes it regularly in long run it will damage the activity of nervous system of the human. The medical associations describes that the consumption create the habit of more consumption. The person became addicted to it and cant lead his daily life without the use of this drug. In long run ultimately it will harm the person severely. Though the medical researcher claim that it does not create any major mental disorder but to some extent it aided the process. It can be the cause of psychosis, sever anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, abnormal manias or suicidal tendencies (Musto, 1999). It affects the lungs, nervous system or other parts of the body as well. Some researches draw a line connection with the marijuana and some kinds of cancer. Thought it was not proved worldwide but a thin connection was present there. Readiness for future implications: Considering the aspect of using marijuana in recreation and drug treatments, it is vital to educate the people regarding the severe consequences of marijuana over dose. Since medical studies reveal the prospective beneficial effect of marijuana on patients suffering from cancer, Multiple sclerosis and AIDS, complete banning marijuana is not a valid option. Therefore, the laws and policies are framed in a way such that the use of marijuana is enforced in a controlled manner. Hickenlooper (2014) highlighted the prevalence of legislatures empowering the public the use marijuana for medical purposes legally. This may lead to severe difficulty for the employers to maintain a drug free environment at work place. According to Gold (2012), spreading awareness among public about honest and controlled use of marijuana for the safety of their own health is highly significant in the current scenario. This will lead to a prospective and efficient use of marijuana for the greater benefits of public health. It will negate the adverse effects of marijuana largely. Although the current policies efficiently restrict the people from marijuana over dose, yet stricter policies are necessary to employ a proper use of marijuana by the public at their own will. Unforeseen problems: One of the major unforeseen problems of using marijuana is that of a massive detrimental effect on the quality of life of the public consuming the drug. Apart from the prominent physical health problems, the mental health of the public consuming marijuana can also be affected immensely. People using marijuana on a frequent or regular basic are seen to report psychological issues as poor mental health, lower life satisfaction relationship problems, poor academic results and career success (Caulkins, Lee Kasunic, 2012). The legalization of marijuana use can drive the users towards an addiction of the drug. It is highly detrimental not only to the individuals health but also for the overall health status of the country. It is a matter of high concern since it affects mainly the younger generation of the society who represents the countrys future health and prospect. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of this drug can affect the human mind and body. Along with that it can be claimed that the drug consumption initiates other criminal activities too. Medical use is legalized it as to be kept in to the mind that the use of drug for amusement purpose is not necessary. It will somehow give the permission to break laws. The federal law of USA prohibits and controls the use of marijuana. The collaboration between the central, state and local authority will help to achieve proper goal in this aspect. Going through the current study it is clear that although marijuana have some highly beneficial medical prospects in treatment of penitents suffering from serious diseases, yet its over use can lead to concerning health issues. Since it is an effective drug so it can not be banned completely. However, the study highlights the need the spreading awareness among the public regarding the adverse effects of marijuana in order to assure its controlled use. Thus it can be concluded that the relevant laws and policies along with education and health informations can drive an optimum use of marijuana for the overall benefits of the society. References: Assenberg v. Anacortes Housing Authority, 268 268 Fed.Appx. 643 C.A.9 643 (C.A.9 2015). Backus, F. (2011). Marijuana and medical marijuana. New York: CBS News. 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